Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development

The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines

Ultraviolet‐C as a viable reprocessing method for disposable masks and filtering facepiece respirators

In normal conditions, discarding single-use personal protective equipment after use is the rule for its users due to the possibility of being infected, particularly for masks and filtering facepiece respirators. When the demand for these protective tools is not satisfied by the companies supplying them, a scenario of shortages occurs, and new strategies must arise. One possible approach regards the disinfection of these pieces of equipment, but there are multiple methods. Analyzing these methods, Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) becomes an exciting option, given its germicidal capability. This paper aims to describe the state-of-the-art for UV-C sterilization in masks and filtering facepiece respirators. To achieve this goal, we adopted a systematic literature review in multiple databases added to a snowball method to make our sample as robust as possible and encompass a more significant number of studies. We found that UV-C’s germicidal capability is just as good as other sterilization methods. Combining this characteristic with other advantages makes UV-C sterilization desirable compared to other methods, despite its possible disadvantages.The authors would also like to acknowledge the project PLASMAMED—PTDC/CTM‐ TEX/28295/2017 financed by Fundação para Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) and Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) in the frame of the Portugal 2020 program

Impact of the Application of Landfill Leachate on the Germination of Senna macranthera in Different Substrates

Landfill leachate is a potential environmental pollutant. Physicochemical analyses allow identifying its elements while the use of ecotoxicological tests aims to understand the relation with the environment. The germination assay of Senna macranthera in different substrates (filter paper, commercial-SCM, conventional-SCV and organic-SOR) was performed with different doses of leachate. The objective was to identify the potential impact of leachate by determining the concentration able to cause inhibition in 50% of the seeds (LC50) and the values of the no observable effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC). The LC50 and LOEC occurred in the treatments with 6.25 while NOEC was with 3.125%. The test in substrates, It was not possible to identify the LC50 in the SCM. For the SCV was with 66 and in SOR with 25%. The NOEC and LOEC for SCM and SCV were 25 and 50% and in SOR with 50 and 100%.O lixiviado de aterro é um potencial poluente ambiental. Análises físico-químicas permitem identificar seus elementos enquanto o uso de testes ecotoxicológicos visa compreender a relação com o ambiente. O ensaio de germinação de Senna macranthera em diferentes substratos (papel de filtro, comercial-SCM, convencional-SCV e orgânica-SOR) foi realizada com diferentes doses de lixiviado. O objetivo foi identificar o impacto potencial do lixiviado via determinação da concentração capaz de causar inibição em 50% do sementes (CL50) e os valores da concentração de efeito não observável (CENO) e a concentração de efeitos observados (CEO). A CL50 e a CEO ocorreu nos tratamentos com 6,25% enquanto a CENO ocorreu com 3,125%. Não foi possível identificar o CL50 no SCM. Para o SCV ocorreu com 66% e em SOR com 25%. A CENO e CEO para SCM e SCV foram 25% e 50% e em SOR com 50% e 100%